Markdown and LaTeX introduction

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Markdown is a text-to-HTML conversion tool for web writers. Markdown allows you to write using an easy-to-read, easy-to-write plain text format, then convert it to structurally valid XHTML (or HTML). A Markdown document could contain chunks of embedded graphics, source codes and LaTex formula. LaTeX is a high-quality typesetting system; it includes features designed for the production of technical and scientific documentation. A basic knowledge about Markdown and LaTeX could let to create HTML documents such as weblogs or reports very easily. This tutorial provides a quick reference to use Markdown and LaTeX.

Markdown

The following provides a quick reference to the most commonly used Markdown syntax.

Headers

H3

H4

H5
H6
# Markdown
The following provides a quick reference to the most commonly used Markdown syntax.

## Headers
### H3
#### H4
##### H5
###### H6

Emphasis

Italic and Bold

*Italic* and **Bold**

Scratched Text

~~Scratched Text~~

superscript2

superscript^2^

Markdown doesn’t support underline, but we can use HTML Text instead. Also, we can render almost any HTML code that we   like   such as superscript2.

Markdown doesn't support underline, but we can use <u>HTML Text</u> instead. Also, <b>we</b> can <i>render</i> almost any <span style="color:red;">HTML</span> code that we &nbsp; <kbd>like</kbd> &nbsp; such as superscript<sup>2</sup>.

For manual line or page breaks, we can use following HTML and CSS codes:

  • Line breaks:
<br />
  • Print breaks:
<p style="page-break-after:always;"></p>

Lists

  • Item 1
  • Item 2
    • Item 2a
    • Item 2b
      • Item 2b-1
      • Item 2b-2
- Item 1
- Item 2
    - Item 2a (2 tabs)
    - Item 2b
        - Item 2b-1 (4 tabs)
        - Item 2b-2
  1. Item 1
  2. Item 2
  3. Item 3
    • Item 3a
    • Item 3b
1. Item 1
2. Item 2
3. Item 3
    - Item 3a
    - Item 3b

Github

[Github](http://www.github.com/)

Images

logo 

<p align="center">
![logo](https://www.raspberrypi.org/app/uploads/2018/03/RPi-Logo-Reg-SCREEN-199x250.png "Raspberry pi")
</p>

Note that here we used an HTML code to align center the image. Also, we can use HTML to add more styles, for example:

<p align="center">
<img src="https://www.raspberrypi.org/app/uploads/2018/03/RPi-Logo-Reg-SCREEN-199x250.png" alt="Raspberry pi" style="width:20%; border:0;">
</p>

Quotes

Imagination is more important than knowledge.

Albert Einstein

> Imagination is more important than knowledge.
>
> Albert Einstein

Hlines

Use three dashes --- to draw an horizontal line like:

---

Tables

1st Header 2nd Header 3rd Header
col 1 is left-aligned 1
col 2 is center-aligned 2
col 3 is right-aligned 3 
1st Header|2nd Header|3rd Header
---|:---:|---: 
col 1 is|left-aligned|1
col 2 is|center-aligned|2
col 3 is|right-aligned|3

Note that we can use HTML styles to hide tables’ overflow by putting them in a division like:

<div "margin-bottom: 1rem; overflow-x: auto;">
...
</div>

Also, we can use overflow-x: scroll to always scroll or overflow-x: hidden to hide them compeletely.

Code blocks

In Markdown, we can simply add plain code blocks to display (not evaluating) by inserting triple back quote i.e. ```. For example:

norm = function(x) {
  sqrt(x%*%x)
}
norm(1:4)
` ``r
norm <- function(x) {
  sqrt(x%*%x)
}
norm(1:4)
` ``

For inline plain codes use single back quote before and after the code, for example we defined this codes here in this way.

YAML header

At the top of a Markdown document, we can insert the following meta data such that:

---
title: "Page Title"
subtitle: "Page sub-title"
author: "Author name"
description: "This is a test"
institute: "MU"
date: "20/02/2020"
abstract: "YAML"
keywords: 
  - key1
  - key2
tags:
  - tag1
  - tag2
---

Mathematical formula

We can use LaTeX to write mathematical equations in Markdown. To write inline LaTeX formula use a single $ before and after the equation and use a double $ to display equations.

LaTeX

The following provides a quick reference of the most commonly used LaTeX syntax. You may find a more extensive references about mathematical formulas at LaTeX Wikibooks.

LaTeX equations

Inline equation: \(equation\)

Inline equation: $equation$

Display equation: \[equation\]

Display equation: $$equation$$

Operators

  • \(x + y\)
  • \(x - y\)
  • \(x \times y\)
  • \(x \div y\)
  • \(\dfrac{x}{y}\)
  • \(\sqrt{x}\)
- $x + y$
- $x - y$
- $x \times y$ 
- $x \div y$
- $\dfrac{x}{y}$
- $\sqrt{x}$

Symbols

  • \(\pi \approx 3.14159\)
  • \(\pm \, 0.2\)
  • \(\dfrac{0}{1} \neq \infty\)
  • \(0 < x < 1\)
  • \(0 \leq x \leq 1\)
  • \(x \geq 10\)
  • \(\forall \, x \in (1,2)\)
  • \(\exists \, x \notin [0,1]\)
  • \(A \subset B\)
  • \(A \subseteq B\)
  • \(A \cup B\)
  • \(A \cap B\)
  • \(X \implies Y\)
  • \(X \impliedby Y\)
  • \(a \to b\)
  • \(a \longrightarrow b\)
  • \(a \Rightarrow b\)
  • \(a \Longrightarrow b\)
  • \(a \propto b\)
- $\pi \approx 3.14159$
- $\pm \, 0.2$
- $\dfrac{0}{1} \neq \infty$
- $0 < x < 1$
- $0 \leq x \leq 1$
- $x \geq 10$
- $\forall \, x \in (1,2)$
- $\exists \, x \notin [0,1]$
- $A \subset B$
- $A \subseteq B$
- $A \cup B$
- $A \cap B$
- $X \implies Y$
- $X \impliedby Y$
- $a \to b$
- $a \longrightarrow b$
- $a \Rightarrow b$
- $a \Longrightarrow b$
- $a \propto b$
  • \(\bar a\)
  • \(\tilde a\)
  • \(\breve a\)
  • \(\hat a\)
  • \(a^ \prime\)
  • \(a^ \dagger\)
  • \(a^ \ast\)
  • \(a^ \star\)
  • \(\mathcal A\)
  • \(\mathrm a\)
  • \(\cdots\)
  • \(\vdots\)
  • \(\#\)
  • \(\$\)
  • \(\%\)
  • \(\&\)
  • \(\{ \}\)
  • \(\_\)
- $\bar a$
- $\tilde a$
- $\breve a$
- $\hat a$
- $a^ \prime$
- $a^ \dagger$
- $a^ \ast$
- $a^ \star$
- $\mathcal A$
- $\mathrm a$
- $\cdots$
- $\vdots$
- $\#$
- $\$$
- $\%$
- $\&$
- $\{ \}$
- $\_$

Space

  • Horizontal space: \quad
  • Large horizontal space: \qquad
  • Small space: \,
  • Medium space: \:
  • Large space: \;
  • Negative space: \!

Greek alphabets

Small Letter Capital Letter Alternative
\(\alpha\) \alpha \(A\) A
\(\beta\) \beta \(B\) B
\(\gamma\) \gamma \(\Gamma\) \Gamma
\(\delta\) \delta \(\Delta\) \Delta
\(\epsilon\) \epsilon \(E\) E \(\varepsilon\) \varepsilon
\(\zeta\) \zeta \(Z\) Z
\(\eta\) \eta \(H\) H
\(\theta\) \theta \(\Theta\) \Theta \(\vartheta\) \vartheta
\(\iota\) \zeta \(I\) I
\(\kappa\) \kappa \(K\) K \(\varkappa\) \varkappa
\(\lambda\) \lambda \(\Lambda\) \Lambda
\(\mu\) \mu \(M\) M
\(\nu\) \nu \(N\) N
\(\xi\) \xi \(\Xi\) \Xi
\(\omicron\) \omicron \(O\) O
\(\pi\) \pi \(\Pi\) \Pi \(\varpi\) \varpi
\(\rho\) \rho \(P\) P \(\varrho\) \varrho
\(\sigma\) \sigma \(\Sigma\) \Sigma \(\varsigma\) \varsigma
\(\tau\) \tau \(T\) T
\(\upsilon\) \upsilon \(\Upsilon\) \Upsilon
\(\phi\) \phi \(\Phi\) \Phi \(\varphi\) \varphi
\(\chi\) \chi \(X\) X
\(\psi\) \psi \(\Psi\) \Psi
\(\omega\) \omega \(\Omega\) \Omega

Equations

\[\mathbb{N} = \{ a \in \mathbb{Z} : a > 0 \}\]

$$\mathbb{N} = \{ a \in \mathbb{Z} : a > 0 \}$$

\[\forall \; x \in X \quad \exists \; y \leq \epsilon\]

$$\forall \; x \in X \quad \exists \; y \leq \epsilon$$

\[\color{blue}{X \sim Normal \; (\mu,\sigma^2)}\]

$$\color{blue}{X \sim Normal \; (\mu,\sigma^2)}$$

\[P \left( A=2 \, \middle| \, \dfrac{A^2}{B}>4 \right)\]

$$P \left( A=2 \, \middle| \, \dfrac{A^2}{B}>4 \right)$$

\[f(x) = x^2 - x^\frac{1}{\pi}\]

$$f(x) = x^2 - x^\frac{1}{\pi}$$

\[f(X,n) = X_n + X_{n-1}\]

$$f(X,n) = X_n + X_{n-1}$$

\[f(x) = \sqrt[3]{2x} + \sqrt{x-2}\]

$$f(x) = \sqrt[3]{2x} + \sqrt{x-2}$$

\[\mathrm{e} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{n!}\]

$$\mathrm{e} = \sum_{n=0}^{\infty} \dfrac{1}{n!}$$

\[\prod_{i=1}^{n} x_i - 1\]

$$\prod_{i=1}^{n} x_i - 1$$

\[\lim_{x \to 0^+} \dfrac{1}{x} = \infty\]

$$\lim_{x \to 0^+} \dfrac{1}{x} = \infty$$

\[\int_a^b y \: \mathrm{d}x\]

$$\int_a^b y \: \mathrm{d}x$$

\[\log_a b = 1\]

$$\log_a b = 1$$

\[\min(P) = \max_{i:S_i \in S} S_i\]

$$\max(S) = \max_{i:S_i \in S} S_i$$

\[\dfrac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}\]

$$\dfrac{n!}{k!(n-k)!} = \binom{n}{k}$$

\[\small \text{$\dfrac{b}{a+b}=3, \:$ therefore we can set $\: a=6$}\]

$$\text{$\dfrac{b}{a+b}=3, \:$ therefore we can set $\: a=6$}$$

Functions

\[ f(x)= \begin{cases} 1/d_{ij} & \quad \text{when $d_{ij} \leq 160$}\\ 0 & \quad \text{otherwise} \end{cases} \]

$$
f(x)=
\begin{cases}
1/d_{ij} & \quad \text{when $d_{ij} \leq 160$}\\ 
0 & \quad \text{otherwise}
\end{cases}
$$

Matrices

\[ \begin{matrix} 1 & 2 & 3 \\ 4 & 5 & 6 \\ 7 & 8 & 9 \end{matrix} \]

$$
\begin{matrix}
1 & 2 & 3 \\
4 & 5 & 6 \\
7 & 8 & 9
\end{matrix}
$$

\[ M = \begin{bmatrix} \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\[0.3em] \frac{5}{6} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em] 0 & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} \end{bmatrix} \]

$$
M = 
\begin{bmatrix}
\frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6} & 0 \\[0.3em]
\frac{5}{6} & 0 & \frac{1}{6} \\[0.3em]
0 & \frac{5}{6} & \frac{1}{6}
\end{bmatrix}
$$

\[ M = \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \begin{bmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{bmatrix} \]

$$ 
M =
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
\begin{bmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{bmatrix}
$$

\[ M = \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \begin{pmatrix} 1 & 0 \\ 0 & 1 \end{pmatrix} \]

$$ 
M =
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
\begin{pmatrix}
1 & 0 \\
0 & 1
\end{pmatrix}
$$

\[ A_{m,n} = \begin{pmatrix} a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\ a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\ \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\ a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n} \end{pmatrix} \]

$$
A_{m,n} = 
\begin{pmatrix}
a_{1,1} & a_{1,2} & \cdots & a_{1,n} \\
a_{2,1} & a_{2,2} & \cdots & a_{2,n} \\
\vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
a_{m,1} & a_{m,2} & \cdots & a_{m,n} 
\end{pmatrix}
$$

Font sizes

\(\Huge Hello!\)
\(\huge Hello!\)
\(\LARGE Hello!\)
\(\Large Hello!\)
\(\large Hello!\)
\(\normalsize Hello!\)
\(\small Hello!\)
\(\scriptsize Hello!\)
\(\tiny Hello!\) 

$\Huge Hello!$
$\huge Hello!$
$\LARGE Hello!$
$\Large Hello!$
$\large Hello!$
$\normalsize Hello!$
$\small Hello!$
$\scriptsize Hello!$
$\tiny Hello!$

Example: \[\small \text{Font size is small, eg. $\sum{x_i = 10}$}\]

$$\small \text{Font size is small, eg. $\sum{x_i = 10}$}$$